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Glossary of Terms
Adaptive Re-use - A use for a structure or landscape
other than its historic use, normally entailing some modification
of the structure or landscape.
Affordable Space - Affordable dwelling or working
units are available at below market rates. In general, affordable
space typically refers to rental housing that is within the financial
means of people in the lower income ranges of a geographical area.
The existence of affordable space can be the product of government
regulation or the creation of a public good by the private sector.
The need for affordable space is typically attributed to high
demand for space, which drives of the cost of renting and/or owning,
particularly when coupled with non-traditional employment and
income patterns.
Artist Certification - At the municipal level,
the city can require that all artist units allowed under any special
zoning have a restriction put on the deed that only allow artists,
approved by a certification process, to live and work in certain
units allowed under the zoning.
Artist Space Development (ASD) - Spaces for artists to live
and/or work that are affordable, constructed to meet the special
needs of their medium or craft, designed to create or enhance
artists communities, and stimulate the production of innovative
art work (e.g. live/work space, studios, affordable housing for
artists, and artist-run multipurpose spaces). ASD has increasingly
become an issue of focus in many communities throughout the U.S.,
as more and more stakeholders recognize that ASD projects not
only promote the work of artists themselves, and that the presence
of creative clusters has the potential to create physical, social,
and economic impacts within local communities.
Artistic Work - a work, whether written, composed,
executed, performed or taught that falls within the following
categories:
Literary Arts (playwriting, screenwriting, fiction, non-fiction, poetry);
Design Arts (graphic design, architecture, landscape architecture, interior design);
Theatre;
Visual Arts (painting, sculpture, graphic arts, bookmaking);
Public Art;
Photography;
Interdisciplinary and/or Performing Arts;
Traditional Arts;
Media Arts (film, video, radio);
Brownfields - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines
brownfields as abandoned, idled or under-utilized industrial and
commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated
by real or perceived environmental contamination.
Business Improvement District (BID) - A defined area within
which businesses pay an additional tax or fee in order to fund
improvements within the district's boundaries. BIDs provide services,
such as cleaning streets, providing security, making capital improvements,
and marketing the area. The services provided by BIDs are supplemental
to those already provided by the municipality.
Capital - Resources, wealth, or assets.
- Economic - Economic capital is synonymous with money or other investments and assets that can be converted into cash (e.g. real estate value or rent). Economic capital should not be confused with economic good, a product or service that can secure a price when sold.
- Social - Social capital is the resources created by human interaction and connection, including trust, mutual understanding, and shared values. These resources range from influence to support (e.g. social networks). Additionally, social capital has an inherent multiplier effect when large numbers of people are unified.
- Political - Political capital is the power and resources that are created through activities that build relationships (e.g. persuasion).
- Cultural/creative - Cultural capital is skills, knowledge, and human intellectual achievement. Moreover, artists embody cultural capital because of their high levels of education and skill sets.
Capital Flow - The movement of investments/wealth/assets
in and out of a nation, region, or locality
Certified Local Governments (CLG) - A preservation partnership
between local, state and national governments focused on promoting
historic preservation at the grass roots level. The program is
jointly administered by the National Park Service and the State
Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs) in each state, with each
local community working through a certification process to become
recognized as a CLG. The program provides preservation assistance
and grants to communities who have passed laws to encourage preservation
of historic places and have set up a commission of qualified citizens
to advise on the preservation of local historic resources.
Chapter 40R - In Massachusetts, The Smart Growth
Zoning Overlay District Act, Chapter 149 of the Acts of 2004,
codified as M.G.L. chapter 40R (the Act), encourages communities
to create dense residential or mixed-use smart growth zoning districts,
including a high percentage of affordable housing units, to be
located near transit stations, in areas of concentrated development
such as existing city and town centers, and in other highly suitable
locations.
Character-Defining Feature - A prominent or distinctive aspect,
quality, or characteristic of a historic property that contributes
significantly to its physical character. Structures, objects,
vegetation, spatial relationships, views, furnishings, decorative
details, and materials may be such features.
Charrette - A meeting that brings together experts to develop
ideas on how to improve a natural and/or cultural resource. The
outputs of their efforts are maps and designs that offer solutions
to such issues as preservation, access and use, interpretation,
development, etc.
Clustering - The phenomenon of companies and people locating
themselves in close geographic proximity in order to stimulate
innovative activity, exploit multiplier effects (particularly
those in the economic realm), as well as use and benefit from
services and enterprises that arise to support the cluster.
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) -
A program of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
that funds local community development activities such as affordable
housing, anti-poverty programs, and infrastructure development.
CDBG funds are allocated to more than 1,100 local and state governments
on a formula basis. Proposed CDBG projects must be consistent
with broad national priorities for CDBG: activities that benefit
low- and moderate-income people, the prevention or elimination
of slums or blight, or other community development activities
to address an urgent threat to health or safety. CDBG funds may
be used for community development activities (such as real estate
acquisition, relocation, demolition, rehabilitation of housing
and commercial buildings), construction of public facilities and
improvements (such as water, sewer, and other utilities, street
paving, and sidewalks), construction and maintenance of neighborhood
centers, and the conversion of school buildings, public services,
and economic development and job creation/retention activities.
CDBG funds can also be used for preservation and restoration of
historic properties in low-income neighborhoods.
Community Development Corporation (CDC) - A geographically
based non-profit organization that provides services and programming
to benefit, empower, and promote its community. Many CDC's serve
lower-income residents and revitalize neighborhoods, accomplishing
this through advocacy, real estate development, economic development,
and community organizing.
Community Preservation Act (CPA) - In Massachusetts,
a tool to help communities preserve open space and historic sites,
and create affordable housing and recreational facilities.
Conservation District - Locally designated areas, in which
regulations for alteration or removal apply only to specific historic
buildings within the boundary.
Consumption - The viewing, use, and/or the purchase of a work
of art by the public. Cooperative (co-op or coop) - In general,
a cooperative is a jointly owned, democratically controlled enterprise
or business venture. Housing cooperatives, by extension, are a
legal entity (usually a corporation) that owns real estate meant
for the purpose of providing residences for shareholders. A typical
housing co-op is a multi-family apartment building, whereby each
shareholder occupies one housing unit. Because of the nature of
joint ownership, the governance of housing co-ops is different
from condominiums; for example, in the case of artist housing
co-op rules can stipulate that only certified artists can occupy
the unit.
Creative Economy - The sector that produces and distributes
cultural goods, services, and intellectual property. This includes,
but is not limited to, the many interlocking industry sectors
that center on providing creative services, such as advertising,
architecture, arts, film, computer games, multimedia, or design.
Creative Industries - In general, creative industries are
a set of service enterprises that engage in economic activities
originating in individual skill, creativity, and talent, and which
furthermore have the potential for wealth and job creation. However,
different organizations and groups make arguments in favor or
against a more narrowly focused definition. For example, American
for the Arts defines creative industries as a sector focusing
solely on businesses involved in the production or distribution
of the arts such as arts-centric businesses ranging from nonprofit
museums, symphonies, and theaters to for-profit film, architecture,
and advertising companies. Others, most notably Richard Florida,
lean towards a very broad definition of creative industries, grouping
the arts with information technology, research science, academia,
etc.
Cultural Enterprises - Arts-, culture-, and heritage-centric
businesses or non-profits.
Cultural Facility - In Massachusetts, a building,
structure or site that is, or will be, owned, leased or otherwise
used by 1 or more cultural organizations and that is accessible
to the public and exempt from income taxation pursuant to section
501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The term cultural facility
may include, but shall not be limited to, museums, historical
sites, zoos, aquariums, nature or science centers, theaters, concert
halls, exhibition spaces, classrooms and auditoriums suitable
for presentation of performing or visual arts. Municipally owned
buildings, structures or sites must be a minimum of 50,000 square
feet in size, of which at least 50 per cent is used as a cultural
facility. Public or private institutions of higher education may
qualify if they demonstrate that their cultural facility provides
service and open access to the community and the general public
outside of the regular educational mission of the public or private
institute of higher education and demonstrates financial need.
Cultural Inventorying - To understand clearly what a community’s
assets are, who the creative workforce is, and what their needs
are.
Cultural Organization - In Massachusetts, a
nonprofit, public or private, civic educational or professional
organization or educational foundation which is primarily concerned
with the arts, humanities, interpretive sciences or local arts
and which is exempt from income taxation pursuant to section 501
(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Public or private institutions
of higher education may qualify if they demonstrate that their
cultural organization provides service and open access to the
community and the general public outside of the regular educational
mission of the public or private institute of higher education
demonstrates and financial need.
Cultural Resource - An aspect of a cultural system that is
valued by or significantly representative of a culture or that
contains significant information about a culture. A cultural resource
may be a tangible entity or a cultural practice.
Cultural Tourism - An industry subsector that caters to people
interested in learning more about the arts and culture of a region,
country, or people. Tourists can be local or from more distant
locations, depending upon the type of demand for the destination.
Heritage tourism is a related term.
Direct Export Activity - A geographic area's supplying and/or
managing a product or service that is sold outside of said geographic
area.
Economic Opportunity Area (EOA) - An area or several areas
within a designated ETA of particular need and priority for economic
development. These areas are selected by the individual communities,
and must meet one of four statutory criteria for designation.
Economic Target Areas (ETA) - The Massachusetts Economic
Development Incentive Program (EDIP) aims to stimulate economic
growth by offering incentives to businesses that expand, relocate
or build new facilities in one of 40 Economic Target Areas.
Empowerment Zone (EZ) - Highly distressed urban and rural
communities who may be eligible for a combination of grants, tax
credits for businesses, bonding authority and other benefits.
Highly distressed refers to communities who have experienced poverty
and/or high outmigration. This program is primarily managed through
partnerships between the local entity and either HUD or the USDA.
Enterprise Development – The fostering and promotion of entrepreneurship,
typically in the form of small businesses. Towards this end, organizations
like community development corporations will provide goods and
services like affordable space, technology, networking opportunities,
and incubators.
Ephemera Programming - Events, marketplaces, celebrations,
etc, that exist for a short period of time, from a few hours to
a few days.
Gateway Cities - A group of 24 former industrial
Massachusetts mill cities identified because of the widening gaps
along several socio-economic indicators between the knowledge
core that has developed in and around Greater Boston and these
older industrial cities.
Gentrification - Refers to the socio-cultural
displacement that results when wealthier people acquire property
in low income and working class communities.
Green Building - The practice of creating resource-efficient
building models from all lifecycle points: from siting, to construction,
renovation, operation, maintenance, and removal. Typically, the
term refers to building products are designed to conserve resources
(energy, water, materials) and limit the building's negative impacts
on the environment and human health; however, as a concept, it
is a subset within larger trends in urbanization patterns, design,
and governance that emphasize the Triple Bottom Line in the creation
and use of infrastructure and resources. Related terms are sustainable
design, sustainable building, and green architecture.
Historic District - A defined geographical area that may
be as small as a few contiguous buildings, or as large as an entire
neighborhood, business district, or community. Within this district
are historic properties associated with a particular time or theme
in a community's history. Often the collective significance of
the district is greater than any one building or archaeological
site.
Historic Preservation - The practice of safeguarding significant
old buildings and neighborhoods from destruction or insensitive,
encroaching contemporary development. The claims in favor of historic
preservation have traditionally been that they give communities
a sense of identity, stability, and orientation.
Historic Property - A site with qualities that make it significant
in history, architecture, archaeology, engineering or culture;
sometimes more specifically a site that is eligible for or listed
on the National Register of Historic Places, or on a local or
state register of significant sites.
Infrastructure - The basic physical and organizational structures
needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services
and facilities necessary for an economy to function. The term
typically refers to the technical structures that support a society,
such as roads, water supply, sewers, power grids, telecommunications,
and so forth.
LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
rating system is a non-governmental certification program designed
and administered by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC),
a trade organization that promotes sustainability in how buildings
are designed, constructed, and operated. The ratings serve as
a framework for evaluating building performance and meeting sustainability
goals, and provide a common standard of measurement for green
buildings. LEED certification - Certification is generally voluntary,
attained through a private developer's adherence to extensive
checklists, processes, and criteria set forth by the USGBC. Certification
levels range from Certified to Platinum, according to the number
of points earned in six categories: sustainable sites, water efficiency,
energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental
quality, innovation and design process.
Live/Work space - Space that supports both the living and
working needs of the occupant. In practice, work-only or live-only
spaces are largely been retrofitted to accommodate the new dual-purposes.
For the purposes of artist space development, the definition of
live/work space is more focused, recognizing that artist have
special spatial needs, particularly depending on the type of art
they practice. For example, the City of Boston has design guidelines
for artist live/work space with requirements in the realms of
space, accessibility, security, fire safety, lighting, noise,
indoor air quality, ceiling heights, floors, common areas and
more. If the developer is targeting dancers as occupants for the
units, the spaces require sprung wooden floors.
Main Street® Program - A preservation-based economic development
movement led out by the National Main Street Center that enables
communities to revitalize downtown and neighborhood business districts
by leveraging local assets - from historic, cultural, and architectural
resources to local enterprises and community pride.
Mixed-Use - The practice of having more than
one type of use in a building or neighborhood development. In
urban planning terms, this means a combination of residential,
commercial, office, institutional, industrial or other land uses.
In artist space development terms, this means a combination of
any or all of the following uses: living, working, presentation,
commerce, etc.
Multiplier Effect - The expansion of social
and/or economic capital by increasing investment in organizations
and enterprises.
National Heritage Areas - A site designated by the United
States and intended to encourage historic preservation of the
area and an appreciation of the history and heritage of the site.
National Historic Landmark - A district, site, building,
structure, or object of national historical significance, designated
by the Secretary of the Interior under authority of the Historic
Sites Act of 1935 and entered in the National Register of Historic
Places.
National Park Service (NPS) - A U.S. federal agency that manages
all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation
and historical properties with various title designations.
National Register of Historic Places - The comprehensive
list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects of
national, regional, state, and local significance in American
history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture kept
by the NPS under authority of the National Historic Preservation
Act of 1966.
National Trust for Historic Preservation - A member-supported
organization that was founded to support preservation of historic
buildings and neighborhoods through a range of programs and activities,
The National Trust for Historic Preservation provides leadership,
education and advocacy to save America's diverse historic places
and revitalize our communities.
Natural Cultural Districts - The geographically-defined
networks created by the presence of a density of cultural assets
in particular neighborhoods.
New Urbanism - An urban design movement which
promotes walkable neighborhoods that contain a range of housing
and job types.
Overlay District - Special zones that lie on
top of existing zoning categories to supplement or supersede existing
regulations. Overlay districts are used to accomplish a variety
of development, transportation, and land use goals such as the
preservation and promotion the arts by providing incentives for
high-density retail, commercial, and housing with arts-related
benefits.
Presentation - The exhibition, demonstration,
display, or theatrical performance of a work of art (in economic
terms, a product or good).
Preservation - The conservation of the qualities
and materials that make historic buildings, sites, structures,
objects and districts significant. Approaches to preservation
include stabilization, restoration, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
Production - The construction or manufacturing
of a work of art (in economic terms, a product or good) from components
and/or raw materials.
Public Art - Works of art in any media that
have been planned and executed with the specific intention of
being sited or staged in the physical public domain, usually outside
and accessible to all.
Regionalism - The expression of a common sense
of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation
of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective
action within a geographical region.
Smart Growth - An urban planning and transportation theory
that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to
avoid sprawl and advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable,
bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete
streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing choices.
Sustainable Tourism - The primary concern of
sustainable tourism is to support balance within the ecological
environment and minimize the impact upon it by mass-market tourism.
The use of this term is evolving as it is also used to describe
the impact of mass-tourism on cultural and historic resources.
Sweat-Equity - Refers either to the increase
in property value or the equity (investment) created by the purchaser
or owner of a property or business through manual, unpaid labor
and improvement.
Tax Increment Financing (TIF) - In Massachusetts,
allows municipalities to provide flexible targeted incentives
to stimulate job-creating development. The TIF Plan, completed
by the municipality, describes proposed public and private investment
in the TIF Zone, and is agreed upon by the municipality and all
the private owners in the TIF Zone. The municipality and the prospective
Certified Project candidate agree to a property tax exemption
based on a percentage of the value added through new construction
or significant improvement for a period of no less than five and
no more than twenty years. The real estate taxes generated by
the new increased assessed value are then allocated by the agreed-upon
percentage of value added to one or more of three categories.
The categories are: exemption from real estate taxes, payment
of real estate taxes, and payment of betterment fee in lieu of
real estate taxes to finance related infrastructure.
Transit-Oriented Development - A mixed-use residential or
commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport,
and often incorporates features to encourage transit ridership.
Triple Bottom Line - A financial and real estate
calculation made by both the private and public sectors that replaces
the traditional monetary benchmark in favor of equally valuing
economic, environmental, and social performance. Also known as
People, Planet, Profit.
Urbanism - The meta-pattern of behavior, exchange,
relationships, settlement, and other social, economic, cultural,
political, and physical attributes that define urban life, communities,
and space. Urban areas themselves are generally defined by their
high population density and incidence of physical, sociological,
economic, and cultural diversity. Inherent in the term is the
significant difference between urban and rural areas and issues.
Walkability - The extent to which the built
environment is friendly to the presence of people living, shopping,
visiting, enjoying or spending time in an area. Factors influencing
walkability include the presence or absence and quality of footpaths,
sidewalks or other pedestrian right-of-ways, traffic and road
conditions, land use patterns, building accessibility, and safety.
Zoning - A tool used by municipalities and
counties to preserve certain qualities of a neighborhood, protect
existing residents or businesses, or even to incentivize development.
Broadly stated, it is a system of land use regulation that separates
different uses from each other and/or impacts the height, lot
coverage, density, etc, of the built environment. Increasingly,
the socio-economic values of mixed-use developments are being
recognized and individual land uses (residential, commercial,
office, institutional, industrial, open space, and agricultural,
for example) are being combined on a single parcel or within a
single building to form more dynamic developments. However, these
mixed-use developments are either expressly stipulated and planned-for
by municipalities, or are made possible through a private development
company being awarded a variance (or, exception to zoning requirements)
after arguing that adherence to the zoning rules would create
a hardship.
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| © Massachusetts Cultural Council 2012 |
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